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Could China's Real Estate Crisis Spread Like Japan's 'Lost Decade'?Áß±¹ ºÎµ¿»ê À§±â, ÀϺ»ÀÇ ¡®ÀÒ¾î¹ö¸° 10³â¡¯À¸·Î ¹øÁú±î?
¡ãFront gate of the People's Bank of China (Source: Reuters)¡ã Áß±¹ ÀιÎÀºÇà º»Á¡ Á¤¹® (Source : ·ÎÀÌÅÍ Åë½Å)

China's economy is showing concerning signs. According to China's customs statistics, the country's exports in July 2023 decreased by 14.5% compared to a year ago. This marks the largest decline since the initial outbreak of COVID- 19 in February 2020. Consumer inflation in China recorded its first year- on- year decrease since February 2021, as consumption slowed due to the pandemic. The real estate sector in China, which has been a driving force for the economy, continues to face challenges due to defaults by real estate companies such as 'Country Garden' and 'Sino- Ocean Group.' The youth unemployment rate is also rising, adding to the alarms sounding across various sectors of China's economy.


Áß±¹ÀÇ °æÁ¦°¡ ½É»óÄ¡ ¾Ê´Ù. Áß±¹ ¼¼°ü Åë°è¿¡ µû¸£¸é Áß±¹ÀÇ 2023³â 7¿ù ¼öÃâ¾×Àº 1³â Àüº¸´Ù 14.5% °¨¼ÒÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ´Â Äڷγª 19°¡ óÀ½ ¹ß»ýÇÑ 2020³â 2¿ù ÀÌÈÄ °¡Àå Å« °¨¼Ò ÆøÀÌ´Ù. Áß±¹ÀÇ ¼ÒºñÀÚ ¹°°¡´Â Äڷγª ÆÒµ¥¹ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ¼Òºñ°¡ µÐÈ­ÇÏ¿´´ø 2021³â 2¿ù ÀÌÈÄ Ã³À½À¸·Î Àü³â ´ëºñ ¸¶À̳ʽº¸¦ ±â·ÏÇÏ¿´´Ù. Áß±¹ °æÁ¦¸¦ °ßÀÎÇÏ´ø ºÎµ¿»ê °æ±â ¶ÇÇÑ 'ºñ±¸ÀÌÀ§¾È', 'À§¾È¾ç' µî ºÎµ¿»ê ¾÷üµéÀÇ Ã¤¹«ºÒÀÌÇàÀ¸·Î ¾ÇÀ縸 Áö¼ÓµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. û³â ½Ç¾÷·ü ¶ÇÇÑ ±ÞÁõÇÏ´Â µî ¸¹Àº ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ Áß±¹ °æÁ¦¿¡ °æÁ¾À» ¿ï¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù.

For the past 40 years, China's economic growth has been led by its real estate sector. China invested heavily in social infrastructure, particularly in transportation (roads, railways, aviation), ports, and energy, significantly increasing job creation and prosperity in related industries, like electronics and furniture manufacturing. As the Chinese acquired homes, their assets grew alongside the rapid economic expansion. This real estate and related industries sector came to constitute about a third of China's Gross Domestic Product (GDP), a phenomenon sometimes referred to as 'cement GDP,' as coined by Professor An Yuhua from Sungkyunkwan University's Graduate School of China Studies.


Áß±¹ °æÁ¦¼ºÀåÀÇ 40³â ¿ª»ç´Â ºÎµ¿»ê ÁÖµµÀÇ °æÁ¦¿´´Ù. Áß±¹Àº »çȸ°£Á¢ÀÚº», ±×Áß¿¡¼­µµ ±³Åë (µµ·Î, ö·Î, Ç×°ø), Ç×±¸¿Í ÇÏ¿î ½Ã¼³, ¿¡³ÊÁö ºÐ¾ß¸¦ Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ¸·´ëÇÑ ÅõÀÚ¸¦ ÁøÇàÇÏ¿´´Ù. À̸¦ ÅëÇØ Áß±¹ Á¤ºÎ´Â ÀÏÀÚ¸®¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ°í, °ü·Ã ¾÷Á¾ÀÎ ÀüÀÚ ¹× °¡±¸»ê¾÷µé¿¡µµ ȣȲÀÌ Ã£¾Æ¿Ô´Ù. ÁýÀ» °¡Áø Áß±¹ÀεéÀº Áß±¹ÀÇ ÃÊ°í¼Ó °æÁ¦¼ºÀå°ú ÇÔ²² Àڻ굵 Áõ´ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô Çü¼ºµÈ Áß±¹ÀÇ ºÎµ¿»ê ¹× °ü·Ã »ê¾÷ÀÌ Â÷ÁöÇÏ´Â ºñÁßÀº Áß±¹ ±¹³»ÃÑ»ý»êÀÇ 3ºÐÀÇ 1·Î ºñ´ëÇØÁ³´Ù. ¼º±Õ°ü´ëÇб³ Áß±¹´ëÇпøÀÇ ¾ÈÀ¯È­ ±³¼ö´Â À̸¦ '½Ã¸àÆ® GDP'¶ó°í ĪÇϱ⵵ ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

China's once rapid economic progress started to slow down in the face of the COVID- 19 pandemic. China, which pursued a robust "zero- COVID" policy during the pandemic, reported a much lower- than- expected economic growth rate of 0.4% in the second quarter of 2022. Many market participants initially predicted a strong rebound in China's economy after reopening. However, the housing market in China faced liquidity constraints due to tightened real estate investment regulations starting last year. As a result, many companies, including China's top real estate developer 'Evergrande,' declared defaults. This led to halted apartment construction and had negative effects on the broader economy, particularly impacting lower- income groups. Additionally, oversupply in the market led to soaring vacancy rates, contributing to an overall economic slowdown.


ÀÌ·¸°Ô °í°øÇàÁø ÇÒ °Í °°´ø Áß±¹ÀÇ °æÁ¦´Â Äڷγª ÆÒµ¥¹ÍÀ» ¸ÂÀ¸¸ç µÐÈ­Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. Äڷγª ÆÒµ¥¹Í ½Ã±â °­·ÂÇÑ 'Á¦·Î Äڷγª' Á¤Ã¥À» Ãß±¸Çß´ø Áß±¹Àº 2022³â 2ºÐ±â, ½ÃÀåÀÇ Àü¸ÁÄ¡¸¦ Å©°Ô ¹Øµ· °æÁ¦¼ºÀå·ü 0.4%¸¦ ±â·ÏÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¸¹Àº ½ÃÀå Âü¿©ÀÚµéÀº Áß±¹ÀÇ °æÁ¦°¡ ¸®¿ÀÇÁ´× (°æÁ¦ È°µ¿ Àç°³) ÀÌÈÄ Å©°Ô ¼ºÀåÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¿¹ÃøÇß´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ Áß±¹ÀÇ ÁÖÅà ½ÃÀåÀº Áö³­ÇغÎÅÍ °­È­µÈ ºÎµ¿»ê ÅõÀÚ ±ÔÁ¦ Á¤Ã¥À¸·Î ÀÎÇØ À¯µ¿¼ºÀÌ Á¦ÇѵǴ »óȲÀ» °Þ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ µû¶ó, Áß±¹ ºÎµ¿»ê 1À§ °³¹ß¾÷ü 'Çë´Ù'¸¦ ºñ·ÔÇØ ¸¹Àº ¾÷ü°¡ 乫ºÒÀÌÇàÀ» ¼±¾ðÇß´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ µû¶ó ¾ÆÆÄÆ® °ø»ç Áß´ÜÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÏ¿´°í, ÀÌ´Â °ð ¼­¹Î °æÁ¦¿¡ ¾Ç¿µÇâÀ¸·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇß´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ °ø±Þ °úÀ×À¸·Î ÀÎÇØ °ø½Ç·üÀÌ Ä¡¼Ú´Â µî °æÁ¦ ħü ºÐÀ§±â°¡ À̾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù.


Some analysts attribute the recent economic slowdown in China to the limitations of its economic system, often referred to as "socialism with Chinese characteristics." Professor Hyun Sang- baek and four others pointed out in a KIEP (Korean Institute for International Economic Policy) policy briefing that, "While China provided a timetable for opening up after joining the WTO (World Trade Organization), the opening of the financial sector has been progressing slowly compared to other areas such as manufacturing." Unlike Western advanced economies that rely more on equity markets for funding, Chinese companies heavily depend on bank loans. According to 'One Road Research,' a private think tank, only about 5% of Chinese companies' funding comes from the stock market. As a result, a substantial portion of Chinese banks' loan portfolios are tied to real estate, creating a situation where risks in the real estate market ripple across other economic sectors.


À̹ø ¹ß»ýÇÑ ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ Áß±¹ °æ±âÀÇ Ä§Ã¼´Â Áß±¹ÀÇ °æÁ¦Ã¼Á¦ÀÎ '»çȸÁÖÀÇ ½ÃÀå °æÁ¦'ÀÇ ÇÑ°è¶ó´Â ºÐ¼®µµ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. Çö»ó¹é ±³¼ö ¿Ü 4¸íÀº KIEP Á¤Ã¥¿¬±¸ ºê¸®ÇÎÀ» ÅëÇØ “WTO °¡ÀÔ ÀÌÈÄ Áß±¹Àº °³¹æ ½Ã°£Ç¥µµ Á¦½ÃÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸, Á¦Á¶¾÷ µî ´Ù¸¥ ºÐ¾ß¿Í ´Þ¸® ±ÝÀ¶ ºÐ¾ßÀÇ °³¹æÀº ´õµð°Ô ÁøÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù”¶ó°í ÁöÀûÇß´Ù. ÀÚ±ÝÀÇ ¿øõÀ» ÁÖ½Ä ½ÃÀå¿¡¼­ °ø±Þ¹Þ´Â ¼­¹æ ¼±Áø±¹µé°ú´Â ´Ù¸£°Ô, Áß±¹ ±â¾÷ÀÇ ÀÚ±Ý ¿øõÀº ÀºÇà ´ëÃâ¿¡ Å©°Ô ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ´Â ÆíÀÌ´Ù. ¹Î°£ ½ÌÅ©ÅÊÅ©ÀÎ 'One Road Research'ÀÇ ‘PBOC Financial Stability Report’¿¡ µû¸£¸é Áß±¹ ±â¾÷ÀÇ ÀÚ±ÝÁ¶´Þ ¹æ½Ä Áß ÁÖ½Ä ÀÚ±ÝÀº ¾à 5%¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÏ´Ü °É ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯·Î Áß±¹ ÀºÇàµéÀÇ ´ëÃâ Æ÷Æ®Æú¸®¿À »ó´ç ºÎºÐÀÌ ºÎµ¿»ê °ü·Ã ´ëÃâ·Î ¹­¿© ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÇöÀç ºÎµ¿»ê ½ÃÀåÀÇ ¸®½ºÅ©°¡ ´Ù¸¥ °æÁ¦ ºÎ¹®¿¡ ÆÄ±Þ È¿°ú¸¦ ¹ÌÄ¡°í ÀÖ´Ù Çؼ®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.


To address these liquidity concerns, the People's Bank of China lowered the one- year loan interest rate from 3.55% to 3.45%. Additionally, the National Development and Reform Commission of China announced "20 measures for consumption recovery and expansion" last month. However, the market has responded skeptically to China's measures so far, as they are seen as not providing direct fiscal stimulus.


ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ À¯µ¿¼º ¿ì·Á¿¡ ´ëÀÀÇØ Áß±¹ ÀιÎÀºÇàÀº 1³â ¸¸±â ´ëÃ⠱ݸ®¸¦ 3.55%¿¡¼­ 3.45%·Î ÀÎÇÏÇÏ´Â µî ±ÞÇÑ ºÒ ²ô±â¿¡ ³ª¼¹´Ù. ´õºÒ¾î Áß±¹ ±¹°¡¹ßÀü°³ÇõÀ§¿øȸ´Â Áö³­´Þ 31ÀÏ ‘¼Òºñ ȸº¹ ¹× È®´ë¿¡ °üÇÑ 20°³ Á¶Ä¡’¸¦ ¹ßÇ¥Çß´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ½ÃÀåÀº Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ÀçÁ¤ ºÎ¾çÃ¥ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó´Â ÀÌÀ¯·Î Áß±¹ÀÇ Áö±Ý±îÁöÀÇ ´ëÀÀÃ¥¿¡ ³Ã´ãÇÏ°Ô ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.


The South Korean government and businesses, which heavily rely on China for exports, are also acutely sensitive to the risks posed by China's economic situation. Prime Minister Han Duck- soo stated during a government inquiry in June 2022, "China's economy is heading towards a near collapse," emphasizing the need to prepare countermeasures. The Ministry of Economy and Finance has established a "China Economic Situation Team" to proactively monitor and respond to the growing uncertainties.


´ëÁß±¹ ¼öÃâ ÀÇÁ¸µµ°¡ ³ôÀº Çѱ¹ Á¤ºÎ¿Í ±â¾÷ ¶ÇÇÑ Áß±¹ ¸®½ºÅ©¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¿¹¹ÎÇÏ°Ô ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÑ´ö¼ö ±¹¹«ÃѸ®´Â 2022³â 6¿ù ´ëÁ¤ºÎÁú¹®¿¡¼­ “Áß±¹ °æÁ¦°¡ °ÅÀÇ ²¿¶ó¹Ú´Â ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î °¡°í ÀÖ´Ù”¶ó¸ç ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëºñÃ¥À» ¸¶·ÃÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. ÇöÀç ±âȹÀçÁ¤ºÎ´Â Ä¿Áö´Â ºÒÈ®½Ç¼º¿¡ ´ëºñÇØ Áß±¹ ¸®½ºÅ©¿¡ ¼±Á¦ÀûÀ¸·Î ´ëÀÀÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ‘Áß±¹°æÁ¦ »óȲ¹Ý’À» ½Å¼³ÇÏ¿© ÁýÁß ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µ ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.


While experts believe that the current downturn is unlikely to escalate into an international financial crisis akin to the 2008 Lehman Brothers event, the effects of China's economic slowdown, given the ongoing reshoring and efforts to diversify supply chains, are of global concern. With China's role as the world's factory diminishing, the impact of its economic downturn on the global economy is a topic of great interest. Furthermore, the focus is now on the potential future shifts in China's previously guarded financial market following this economic slowdown.


¼­¹æ Àü¹®°¡µéÀº À̹øÀÇ Ä§Ã¼°¡ 2008³â ¸®¸Õ ºê·¯´õ½º »çÅÂ¿Í °°Àº ±¹Á¦Àû ±ÝÀ¶À§±â·Î ¹øÁú °¡´É¼ºÀº Àû´Ù°í Áø´ÜÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ °¢±¹ÀÇ ¸®¼î¾î¸µÀÌ °¡¼ÓÇÏ¸ç º°µµÀÇ °ø±Þ¸ÁÀ» °®Ãß·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â »óȲ¿¡¼­, ¼¼°è °øÀåÀ» ´ã´çÇß´ø Áß±¹ÀÇ °æ±â ħü°¡ ¼¼°è °æÁ¦¿¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ÀÛ¿ëÇÒ Áö ÁÖ¸ñÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÑÆí, À̹ø ħü¸¦ ±âÁ¡À¸·Î ±×µ¿¾È °³¹æÀ» ²¨·Á¿Ô´ø Áß±¹ ±ÝÀ¶ ½ÃÀåÀÇ ÇâÈÄ º¯µ¿ °¡´É¼º¿¡µµ À̸ñÀÌ ÁýÁߵǰí ÀÖ´Ù.

- decline : °¨¼Ò

- vacancy rate : °ø½Ç·ü

- constraint : Á¦¾à, Á¦ÇÑ

- countermeasure : ´ëÀÀÃ¥

By Kim Min-seong, reporter  kms9494274@gmail.com

<ÀúÀÛ±ÇÀÚ © The Campus Journal, ¹«´Ü ÀüÀç ¹× Àç¹èÆ÷ ±ÝÁö>

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